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VITEE-503 VITAMIN E 400 IU.
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Vitamin E 400iu. 100 soft
gel
Antioxidants such as vitamin
E act to protect your cells
against the effects of free radicals.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin
that exists in eight different forms. Each form has its own biological activity,
the measure of potency or functional use in the body. Alpha-tocopherol is the
most active form of vitamin E in humans, and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
Antioxidants such as vitamin E act to protect your cells against the effects of
free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of the body's metabolism.
Free radicals can cause cell damage that may contribute to the development of
cardiovascular disease and cancer. Studies are underway to determine whether vitamin
E might help prevent or delay the development of those chronic diseases.
What foods provide vitamin E?
Vegetable oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables are the main dietary sources
of vitamin E. Fortified cereals are also an important source of vitamin E in the
United States. The table of selected food sources of vitamin E suggests foods
that contain vitamin E.
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin E
for adults?
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is the average daily dietary intake level
that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy
individuals in each life-stage and gender group. The 2000 RDAs for vitamin E for
adults, in International Units (IUs) are: 22 IU for men and women over age 19
including pregnant women, and 28 IU for lactating women.
The RDA for vitamin E is based on the alpha-tocopherol form because it is the
most active, or usable, form. Unlike other vitamins, the form of alpha-tocopherol
made in the laboratory and found in supplements is not identical to the natural
form, and is not quite as active as the natural form.
The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine states that most North
American adults get enough vitamin E from their normal diets to meet current recommendations.
However, they do caution that low-fat diets can substantially decrease vitamin
E intakes if food choices are not carefully made to enhance alpha-tocopherol intakes.
When can vitamin E deficiency occur?
Vitamin E deficiency is rare in humans. There are three specific situations when
a vitamin E deficiency is likely to occur. It is seen in persons who cannot absorb
dietary fat, has been found in premature, very low birth weight infants (birth
weights less than 1500 grams, or 3 1/2 pounds) and is seen in individuals with
rare disorders of fat metabolism. A vitamin E deficiency is usually characterized
by neurological problems due to poor nerve conduction.
Who may need extra vitamin E to prevent a deficiency?
Individuals who cannot absorb fat may require a vitamin E supplement because some
dietary fat is needed for the absorption of vitamin E from the gastrointestinal
tract. Anyone diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, individuals who have had part or
all of their stomach removed, and individuals with malabsorptive problems such
as Crohn's disease may not absorb fat and should discuss the need for supplemental
vitamin E with their physician. People who cannot absorb fat often pass greasy
stools or have chronic diarrhea.
Very low birth weight infants may be deficient in vitamin E . These infants are
usually under the care of a neonatologist, a pediatrician specializing in the
care of newborns, who evaluates and treats the exact nutritional needs of premature
infants.
Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare inherited disorder of fat metabolism that results
in poor absorption of dietary fat and vitamin E. The vitamin E deficiency associated
with this disease causes problems such as poor transmission of nerve impulses,
muscle weakness, and degeneration of the retina that can cause blindness. Individuals
with abetalipoproteinemia may be prescribed special vitamin E supplements by a
physician to treat this disorder.
Vitamin E and heart disease:
Preliminary research has led to a widely held belief that vitamin E may help prevent
or delay coronary heart disease. Researchers are fairly certain that oxidative
modification of LDL-cholesterol (sometimes called "bad" cholesterol)
promotes blockages in coronary arteries that may lead to atherosclerosis and heart
attacks. Vitamin E may help prevent or delay coronary heart disease by limiting
the oxidation of LDL-cholesterol. Vitamin E also may help prevent the formation
of blood clots, which could lead to a heart attack.
Observational studies have associated lower rates of heart disease with higher
vitamin E intake.
A study of approximately 90,000 nurses suggested that the incidence of heart disease
was 30% to 40% lower among nurses with the highest intake of vitamin E from diet
and supplements. The range of intakes from both diet and supplements in this group
was 21.6 to 1,000 IU (32 to 1,500 mg), with the median intake being 208 IU (139
mg).
A 1994 review of 5,133 Finnish men and women aged 30 - 69 years suggested that
increased dietary intake of vitamin E was associated with decreased mortality
(death) from heart disease. But even though these observations are promising,
randomized clinical trials raise questions about the role of vitamin E supplements
in heart disease.
The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study followed almost 10,000 patients
for 4.5 years who were at high risk for heart attack or stroke. In this intervention
study the subjects who received 265 mg (400) IU of vitamin E daily did not experience
significantly fewer cardiovascular events or hospitalizations for heart failure
or chest pain when compared to those who received a sugar pill. The researchers
suggested that it is unlikely that the vitamin E supplement provided any protection
against cardiovascular disease in the HOPE study. This study is continuing, to
determine whether a longer duration of intervention with vitamin E supplements
will provide any protection against cardiovascular disease.
Vitamin E and cancer:
Antioxidants such as vitamin E help protect against the damaging effects of free
radicals, which may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as
cancer. Vitamin E also may block the formation of nitrosamines, which are carcinogens
formed in the stomach from nitrites consumed in the diet. It also may protect
against the development of cancers by enhancing immune function. Unfortunately,
human trials and surveys that tried to associate vitamin E with incidence of cancer
have been generally inconclusive.
Some evidence associates higher intake of vitamin E with a decreased incidence
of prostate cancer and breast cancer. There is evidence that vitamin E may reduce
the size of cysts in women with fibrocystic breast disease, which is a risk factor
for breast cancer. However, an examination of the effect of dietary factors, including
vitamin E, on incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in over 18,000 women from
New York State did not associate a greater vitamin E intake with a reduced risk
of developing breast cancer.
A study of women in Iowa provided evidence that an increased dietary intake of
vitamin E may decrease the risk of colon cancer, especially in women under 65
years of age. On the other hand, vitamin E intake was not statistically associated
with risk of colon cancer in almost 2,000 adults with cancer who were compared
to controls without cancer.
At this time there is limited evidence to recommend vitamin E supplements for
the prevention of cancer.
Vitamin E and cataracts:
Cataracts are growths on the lens of the eye that cloud vision. They increase
the risk of disability and blindness in aging adults. Antioxidants are being studied
to determine whether they can help prevent or delay cataract growth.
Observational studies have found that lens clarity, which is used to diagnose
cataracts, was better in regular users of vitamin E supplements and in persons
with higher blood levels of vitamin E. A study of middle aged male smokers, however,
did not demonstrate any effect from vitamin E supplements on the incidence of
cataract formation. The effects of smoking, a major risk factor for developing
cataracts, may have overridden any potential benefit from the vitamin E, but the
conflicting results also indicate a need for further studies before researchers
can confidently recommend extra vitamin E for the prevention of cataracts.
What is the health risk of too much vitamin E?
The health risk of too much vitamin E is low. A recent review of the safety of
vitamin E in the elderly indicated that taking vitamin E supplements for up to
four months at doses of 530 mg or 800 IU (35 times the current RDA) had no significant
effect on general health, body weight, levels of body proteins, lipid levels,
liver or kidney function, thyroid hormones, amount or kinds of blood cells, and
bleeding time.
Even though this study provides evidence that taking a vitamin E supplement containing
530 mg or 800 IU for four months is safe, the long term safety of vitamin E supplementation
has not been tested. The Institute of Medicine has set an upper tolerable intake
level for vitamin E at 1,000 mg (1,500 IU) for any form of supplementary alpha-tocopherol
per day because the nutrient can act as an anticoagulant and increase the risk
of bleeding problems. Upper tolerable intake levels represent the maximum intake
of a nutrient that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects in almost
all individuals in the general population.
Some food sources of vitamin E.
Vegetable oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables are good dietary sources of vitamin
E. Food manufacturers fortify many foods with vitamins and minerals. It is important
to read the nutrition facts panel of the food label to determine whether a food
provides vitamin E.
• Wheat germ oil, 1 Tb: 26.2 IU ~ 90% of Daily Value (DV)
•Almonds, dry roasted, 1 oz: 7.5 IU ~ 25% DV
•Safflower oil, 1 Tb: 4.7 IU ~ 15% DV
•Corn oil, 1 Tb: 2.9 IU ~ 10% DV
•Turnip greens, frozen, boiled, 1/2 c: 2.4 IU ~ 8% DV
•Mango, raw, 1 fruit: 2.3 IU ~ 8% DV
•Peanuts, dry roasted, 1 oz: 2.1 IU ~ 8% DV
•Broccoli,frozen, chopped, boiled, 1/2 c: 1.5 IU ~ 6% DV
•Kiwi, 1 medium fruit: 0.85 IU ~ 2% DV
•Spinach, frozen, boiled, 1/2 c: 0.85 IU ~ 2% DV
Supplement Facts
100 Softgels per Bottle
SUGGESTED USE: As a dietary supplement take 1 or more softgels per day with water or juice.
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